![]() After the king agreed to an armistice with the Allies, on 12 September 1943 Mussolini was rescued from captivity in the Gran Sasso raid by German paratroopers and Waffen-SS commandos. Following the invasion of Sicily and a motion of no confidence by the Grand Council of Fascism, King Victor Emmanuel III dismissed Mussolini as head of government and placed him in custody (25 July 1943). But after three more years of world war, the tide of the conflict turned in favour of the Allies. However, on 10 June 1940, believing that Allied defeat was imminent, he decided to join the war on the side of Germany to share the potential spoils of victory. Therefore, when Poland was invaded on 1 September 1939, Mussolini declared Italy's non-belligerence. The wars of the 1930s, although victorious, had cost Italy enormous resources, leaving the country unprepared for the upcoming Second World War. Now hostile to France and Britain, Italy formed the Axis alliance with Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan. However, he ultimately alienated the democratic powers as tensions grew in the League of Nations, which he left in 1937. At the same time, Mussolini initially tried to retain much of the Versailles status quo by sending troops to the Brenner Pass to delay Hitler's Anschluss, and taking part in the Treaty of Lausanne, the Lytton Report, the Four-Power Pact and the Stresa Front. Between 19, Mussolini ordered an intervention in Spain in favour of Francisco Franco during the Spanish Civil War. In 1936, Ethiopia was conquered following the Second Italo-Ethiopian War and merged into Italian East Africa (AOI) with Eritrea and Somalia. ![]() ![]() Through the Tirana treaties, Mussolini turned Albania into an Italian protectorate. He also annexed the city of Fiume into Italy after the Treaty of Rome in 1924 with Yugoslavia. That same year, Mussolini launched the Second Italo-Senussi war which lasted until 1932 and culminated in the Libyan genocide. In 1923, Mussolini ordered the bombing of Corfu over an incident with Greece. Mussolini's foreign policy was based on the fascist doctrine of " Spazio vitale" (trans: "living space") which aimed to expand Italian possessions and the fascist sphere of influence. In 1929, Mussolini signed the Lateran Treaty with the Holy See to establish Vatican City. ![]() Within five years, Mussolini established dictatorial authority by both legal and illegal means and aspired to create a totalitarian state. After removing all political opposition through his secret police and outlawing labour strikes, Mussolini and his followers consolidated power through a series of laws that transformed the nation into a one-party dictatorship. On 31 October 1922, following the March on Rome (28–30 October), Mussolini was appointed prime minister by King Victor Emmanuel III, becoming the youngest individual to hold the office up to that time. Mussolini denounced the PSI, his views now centering on Italian nationalism instead of socialism, and later founded the fascist movement which came to oppose egalitarianism and class conflict, instead advocating " revolutionary nationalism" transcending class lines. In 1914, Mussolini founded a newspaper, Il Popolo d'Italia, and served in the Royal Italian Army during the war until he was wounded and discharged in 1917. In 1912, he became a member of the National Directorate of the Italian Socialist Party (PSI), but he was expelled from the PSI for advocating military intervention in World War I, in opposition to the party's stance on neutrality. ![]() Mussolini was originally a socialist politician and a journalist at the Avanti! newspaper. As dictator of Italy and principal founder of fascism, Mussolini inspired and supported the international spread of fascist movements during the inter-war period. He was Prime Minister of Italy from the March on Rome in 1922 until his deposition in 1943, as well as " Duce" of Italian fascism from the establishment of the Italian Fasces of Combat in 1919 until his summary execution in 1945 by Italian partisans. Fasci Italiani di Combattimento (1919–1921)īenito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini ( UK: / ˌ m ʊ s ə ˈ l iː n i, ˌ m ʌ s-/, US: / ˌ m uː s-/, Italian: 29 July 1883 – 28 April 1945) was an Italian dictator and journalist who founded and led the National Fascist Party (PNF).Fascio d'Azione Rivoluzionaria (1915–1919). ![]()
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